Living Soil: Compost containing live organisms, from microbes through to larger creatures like worms. As in nature, this can promote better plant growth.

This created “black blizzards” of dust that would settle in mounds, indoors and out.
Where MCT and MNT could be the abundance of taxa under conventional tillage and no-tillage, respectively.
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The conditions for amplification of the genes 16 S rRNA from Bacteria, 16 S rRNA from Archaea, and nosZ were performed as described by Heuer et al.66, Yu et al.67 and Henry et al.38, respectively.
Analysis of melting curve of amplicons was performed to confirm the specificity of amplification.
After quantification the results were analyzed utilizing the StepOnePlustm Real Time software v.2.2 .
The pots were put through natural lighting cycle and natural variation of temperature inside a greenhouse.

Earthworms

re-loosen the soil; more expense with exactly the same outcome – subsequent repacking and degraded soil structure.
This can be a typical “downward spiral” of conventional agriculture.
Moreover, tillage when the soil is too moist or too dry leads to compaction or pulverization of soil; but farmers might not have the option to wait for optimal conditions.

• Gandhi M, Sangwan V, Kapoor KK, Dilbaghi N. Composting of household wastes with and without earthworms.

Binet F, Fayolle L, Pussard M. Significance of earthworms in stimulating soil microbial activity.
Barea JM, Navarro E, Montana E. Production of plant growth regulators by rhizosphere phosphate solubilizing bacteria.
Atiyeh RM, Dominguez J, Subler S, Edwards CA. Changes in biochemical properties of cow manure during processing by earthworms (Eisenia andrei, Bouché) and the effects on seedling growth.
Arancon NQ, Galvis P, Edwards CA, Yardim E. The trophic diversity of nematode communities in soils treated with vermicomposts.
Arancon NQ, Edwards CA, Atiyeh R, Metzger JD. Ramifications of vermicomposts created from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers.
Albanell E, Plaixats J, Cabrero T. Chemical changes during vermicomposting of sheep manure mixed with cotton industrial wastes.

Production

Garden earthworms burrow and create pathways in soil that fill with air and water for plant roots.However, they’re not native to Minnesota.
To prevent spreading them into forested areas, don’t dump fishing bait or move soil with earthworms.
Every teaspoon of soil houses billions of microorganisms—bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects, and earthworms that play important roles.
Incorporate compost to compacted soil to increase air, water and nutrients for plants.
The 3rd and fourth trophic level will be the wee critters that consume the protozoa, in addition to fungi and bacteria.
Some arthropods are too small to be observed with the naked eye .

The percent water content was computed from 100 × (WW-DW)/DW.
Three independent measurements were performed to compute mean ± S.D.